Perilla frutescens: A traditional medicine and food homologous plant / 中草药·英文版

Perilla frutescens, an annual herb of the Labiatae family, has been cultivated in China for more than 2000 years. P. frutescens is the one of the first medicinal and edible plant published by the Ministry of Health. Its leaves, stems and seeds can be used as medicine and edible food. Because of the abundant nutrients and bioactive components in this plant, P. frutescens has been studied extensively in medicine, food, health care and chemical fields with great prospects for development. This paper reviews the cultivation history, chemical compositions and pharmacological activities of P. frutescens, which provides a reference for the development and utilization of P. frutescens resources.

Identification and Bioinformatics Analysis of CYP71 Gene Family of Diploid Perilla frutescens / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveCYP71 gene family is one of the CYP71 clans belonging to cytochrome P450， which plays an important role in secondary metabolites， especially terpenoid biosynthesis. To understand the characteristics of CYP71 family of diploid Perilla frutescens and predict its function， this study identified and systematically analyzed the family by bioinformatics. MethodOn the basis of the whole genome of diploid P. frutescens PC99， the conserved domains of CYP71 family of diploid P. frutescens were screened， and the sequence characteristics， gene structure， chromosome location， phylogeny and cis-acting elements were analyzed by National Center for Biotechnology Information （NCBI）， TBtools， MEME， Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis （MEGA）， Cytoscape and other tools. ResultA total of 68 CYP71 genes were identified from diploid P. frutescens， which were unevenly distributed on 34 chromosomes and belonged to two subfamilies. They encoded 481-530 amino acids and contained 10 conserved motifs， with the isoelectric point of 5.70-9.03 and the molecular weight of 54 217.07-60 031.79 Da. The enrichment analysis and functional annotation analysis revealed 11 enriched pathways and 114 categories， and the genes were mainly annotated in biological processes. There were many cis-acting elements in the promoter region of CYP71， mainly light-responsive and methyl jasmonate-responsive elements. Protein-protein interaction analysis indicated that CYP71 protein had multiple functions such as terpene cyclase activity. ConclusionThis study lays a foundation for the functional study of CYP71 family， and provides a reference for the biosynthesis of monoterpenes in P. frutescens and the directional cultivation of excellent varieties.

Comparative analysis of chemical compositions of fruits of Perilla frutescens var. arguta and P. frutescens var. frutescens by pre-column derivatization with GC-MS / 中国中药杂志

The present study compared the appearance and chemical composition of fruits of Perilla frutescens var. arguta(PFA) and P. frutescens var. frutescens(PFF). VHX-6000 3 D depth of field synthesis technology was applied for the appearance observation. The metabolites were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by pre-column derivatization combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). Finally, cluster analysis(CA), principal component analysis(PCA), and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) were applied for exploring the differences in their chemical compositions. The results indicated that the size and color of PFA and PFF fruits were different. PFF fruits were significantly larger than PFA fruits. The surface color of PFA fruits was brown, while PFF fruits were in multiple colors, such as white, grayish-white, and brown. Amino acids, saccharides, organic acids, fatty acids, and phenolic acids were identified in PFA and PFF fruits. The results of CA, PCA, and OPLS-DA indicated significant differences in the content of components between PFA and PFF fruits. Three metabolites, including D-glucose, rosmarinic acid, and D-fructose, which were significantly higher in PFA fruits than in PFF fruits, were screened out as differential metabolites. Considering the regulation on the content of rosmarinic acid in Perillae Fructus in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition), the medicinal value of PFA fruits is higher than that of PFF. In conclusion, there are differences in appearance and chemical composition between PFA fruits and PFF fruits. These results are expected to provide fundamental data for specifying plant source and quality control of Perillae Fructus.

Contents determination of eight phenolic compounds in Perilla frutescens leaves of different cultivation years and harvesting periods / 中国中药杂志

A method was established for content determination of two kinds of phenolic acids, including rosmarinic acid)(RA) and caffeic acid(CA), and six kinds of flavonoids including scutellarein-7-O-diglucuronide(SDG), luteolin-7-O-diglucuronide(LDG), apigenin-7-O-diglucuronide(ADG), scutellarin-7-O-glucuronide(SG), luteolin-7-O-glucuronide(LG), and apigenin-7-O-glucuronide(AG) in Perilla frutescens leaves. The content of eight chemical components was measured based on ten P. frutescens germplasms of different chemotypes of volatile oil, different cultivated years, and different harvesting periods. The results showed that there was a great difference between the two kinds of constituents of different germplasms. The total content of the two phenolic acids was 2.24-34.44 mg·g~(-1), and the total content of the six flavonoids was 11.55-34.71 mg·g~(-1). Then according to content from most to least, the order of each component was RA(2.13-33.97 mg·g~(-1)), LDG(1.31-14.80 mg·g~(-1)), SG(1.97-8.45 mg·g~(-1)), ADG(2.68-7.60 mg·g~(-1)), SDG(1.16-5.87 mg·g~(-1)), LG(0.78-1.91 mg·g~(-1)), AG(0.56-1.00 mg·g~(-1)), and CA(0.11-0.68 mg·g~(-1)). The chemical contents of the 5 PA-type germplasms in 2017 were mostly higher than those in 2018 showing a large variation with the cultivation years. These contents of two kinds of phenolic acids of 9 germplasms fluctuated with the harvesting time. The content decreased before early flower spike(the 3~(rd) to 18~(th) in August) at first and began to increase in flowering and fruiting period(the 18~(th) in August to 2~(nd) in September). However, these contents had slowly decreasing trend after 2~(nd) in September till 17~(th) in the same month. Interestingly, the content raised again in the maturity of fruits. The variation tendency of contents in six kinds of flavonoids components was inconsistent in different germplasms with the variation of harvesting time. The content of flavonoids in part of germplasms was negatively correlated with the fluctuation of phenolic acids. There was no correlation between phenolic acids and chemical type of the volatile oil. This paper may provide a reference for the high-quality germplasm of P. frutescens cultivation.

Study on prescription process of nanoemulsion of Perilla frutescens essential oil and preliminary quality evaluation / 中草药

Objective: Using Perilla frutescens as a model drug, the nanoemulsion of Perilla frutescens essential oil (PFEO) were prepared, and the formulation process research and preliminary quality evaluation were carried out. Methods: The cosurfactants were determined according to the amount of PFEO dissolved in various excipients. The HLB value method was used to preliminarily screen surfactants suitable for oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions, and the surfactants with dosage safety were further screened to determine the composition of nanoemulsion formulations. By drawing a pseudo-ternary phase diagram, the nanoemulsion region size, drug loading, water content, and conductivity, viscosity, particle size, distribution, and stability was comprehensively compared to optimize the prescription. This study investigated the appearance, physicochemical properties (viscosity, pH value, conductivity, electrical conductivity, particle size, Zeta potential), stability, in vitro permeability properties and nasal mucosa irritation of the nanoemulsion of PFEO. Results: The final optimized nanoemulsion formulation was 14.3% PFEO-9.5% Transcutol P-19.1% Labrasol-57.1% water. The nanoemulsion of PFEO prepared according to the optimized prescription was uniform, transparent, clear, with good fluidity. The viscosity was (3.68 ± 0.17) mPa∙s, pH value was (6.18 ± 0.03), the electrical conductivity was (109.61 ± 0.89) μS/cm, the Zeta potential was (-7.08 ± 1.82) mV, and the particle size was (49.98 ± 1.55) nm. The results of transmission electron microscope experiment showed that, the droplets of PFEO nanoemulsion were spherical with the particle size within 100 nm. The stability test results showed that the nanoemulsion of PFEO had centrifugal stability, dilution stability, long-term stability and temperature stability. After storage at room temperature and unsealed for one month and six months, the percentage change of the average perillaldehyde content of PFEO nanoemulsion and PFEO was 1.8% and 17.48%, respectively. The nasal mucosal irritation test results showed that the PFEO nanoemulsion administration group had no significant difference from the blank saline group. Conclusion: The appearance and related physical and chemical properties of PFEO nanoemulsion prepared by optimized prescription process meet the quality requirements of nanoemulsion, with drug stability, drug permeability and safety.

Qualitative Analysis on Perilla frutescens Leaves and Stalks by UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To establish a method for qualitative analysis of components in Perilla frutescens leaves and stalks by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)，so as to explore the substance basis of pharmacodynamics differences between P.frutescens leaves and stalks.Method:P. frutescens leaves and stalks were extracted by 80% methanol-water ultrasound. The samples were analyzed by UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS comprehensively. Halo-C18 column (2.1 mm×100 mm，2.7 μm) was used for gradient elution with 0.05% formic acid aqueous-0.05% acetonitrile formate as mobile phase in positive and negative ion modes. The flow rate was 0.3 mL·min-1，the column temperature was 40 ℃，and the injection volume was 5 μL.Result:The chemical compound in P. frutescens was deduced and identified based on the retention time of chromatography，and the exact molecular weight，excimer ion peaks，fragment ions and reference materials in Xcalibur software. The chemical composition of P. frutescens was identified by Mass Frontier 7.0 software. Totally 4 amino acids，7 phenylpropanoids，10 flavonoids，12 triterpenoids，7 organic acids，4 fatty acids，10 unknown compounds and 54 compounds were identified. Among them，6 triterpene acids, including glochidone, were identified in P. frutescens for the first time. The structures of five characteristic compounds were analyzed. There were 45 constituents in P.frutescens leaves and 32 constituents in P. frutescens stalks. They had 23 common constituents.Conclusion:LC-MS can identify the components of P. frutescens rapidly and effectively. This study provides an important theoretical basis for the quality control of different parts of P. frutescens and the development and utilization of P. frutescens.

Thai Perilla frutescens fruit oil alleviates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicities in rats

Objective: To study the effect of perilla fruit oil against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. Methods: Perilla fruit oil was analyzed in terms of fatty acids, tocopherols and tocotrienols using chromatography. Sub-chronic toxicity of perilla fruit oil was investigated in rats for 90 d followed by a 28 d recovery period. Hematological, biochemical and pathological parameters were determined. To evaluate hepatoprotection, rats were divided into five groups and orally administered with Tween 80 for 10 d; Tween 80, silymarin, perilla fruit oil (0.1 mL/200 g) and perilla fruit oil (1 mL/200 g) for 10 d together with subcutaneous injection of CCl4 (2 mL/200 g) on days 9 and 10. Liver enzymes and pathological parameters were determined. Results: Perilla fruit oil contained α-linolenic acid (56.55％ of total fatty acid), β-tocopherol (49.50 mg/kg) and γ-tocotrienol (43.65 mg/kg). Rats showed significant changes in the percentage of monocytes and platelet indices following perilla fruit oil consumption for 90 d; in the percentage of neutrophils and lymphocytes, and RBC indices in the recovery period when compared with the deionized water group. Total protein and creatinine levels were increased while alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were decreased (P < 0.05). Organ weight index and pathological indicators did not change significantly. The liver of CCl4-induced rats showed remarkable centrilobular fatty changes, which was ameliorated by perilla fruit oil pretreatment. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels were decreased (P < 0.05) in rats given perilla fruit oil. Conclusions: Perilla fruit oil is rich in α-linolenic acid, β-tocopherol and γ-tocotrienol and improves blood biomarker levels and protects against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Further studies are required before supporting its use for the treatment of hepatitis.

Comparative transcriptome and co-expression analysis reveal key genes involved in leaf margin serration in Perilla frutescens / 中草药·英文版

Objective: In this study, we aimed to identify the genes involved in leaf margin serration in Perilla frutescens. P. frutescens (Family: Lamiaceae) is widely grown in Asian countries. Perilla leaf is the medicinal part stipulated in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. There are mainly two types of perilla leaves: one with serrated leaf margin which is the phenotype described in the pharmacopoeia and the other with smooth leaf margin. Methods: Transcriptome sequencing, co-expression analysis, and qRT-PCR analysis of six perilla tissues sampled from two different phenotypes (serrated and smooth leaves) were performed. Results: Forty-three differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which may potentially regulate leaf shape, were identified through de novo transcriptome sequencing between the two groups. Genes involved in leaf shape regulation were identified. Simultaneously, we validated five DEGs by qRT-PCR, and the results were consistent with the transcriptome data. In addition, 1186 transcription factors (TFs) belonging to 45 TF families were identified. Moreover, the co-expression network of DEGs was constructed. Conclusion: The study identified the key genes that control leaf shape by comparing the transcriptomes. Our findings also provide basic data for further exploring P. frutescens, which can help study the mechanism of leaf shape development and molecular breeding.

Study on Quality Standard of Fried Perilla frutescens Seed Standard Decoction / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To prepare standard decoction of fried Perilla frutescens seed and study the quality standard. METHODS： According to the preparation requirements of standard decoction， 17 batches of standard decoction of fried P. frutescens seed were prepared， and the yield of paste was calculated. HPLC method was used for quantitative analysis of rosmarinic acid in standard decoction of fried P. frutescens seed. The determination was performed on Agilent 5 TC-C18（2） column with mobile phase consisted of methanol-0.1％ formic acid solution （40 ∶ 60， V/V） at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 330 nm， and column temperature was 30 ℃. The sample size was 5 μL. The transfer rate was calculated. HPLC fingerprint was established for 17 batches of standard decoction of fried P. frutescens seed， and analyzed by using TCM Chromatogram Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System （2012 edition）. The chromatogram peaks were identified by comparing retention time of common peak. RESULTS： The yield of paste were 5.55％-9.75％ in 17 batches of standard decoction of fried P. frutescens seed. The contents of rosmarinic acid were 0.44％-1.58％， and average content was 1.08％. The transfer rates of rosmarinic acid were 18.31％-34.32％， and average transfer rate was 25.42％. In HPLC fingerprints for 17 batches of standard decoction of P. frutescens seed， a total of 11 common peaks were identified， and the similarity was higher than 0.95. Five common peaks were identified， namely caffeic acid （peak 3），luteolin （peak 5）， rosmarinic acid （peak 8） ， luteolin （peak 9）， apigenin （peak 10）. CONCLUSIONS： The quality control method of standard decoction of fried P. frutescens seed is established， which can provide reference for the formulation of the quality standard of fried P. frutescens seed granules and related preparations.

Study on morphological classification and chemical-type of Perilla frutescens cultivated germplasm / 中国中药杂志

Fifty cultivated Perilla seeds were collected all over the country and planted in Beijing experiment field for morphology and chemical-type researches. Twenty morphological characteristics were selected and observed, and the essential oil from leaves was extracted by steam distillation and analyzed by GC-MS to confirm chemical-types. There were significant diversities in plant height, leaf color and morphology, and fruit color and weight. Clustering analysis was carried out based on these morphological characteristics. Six types were divided with their chemical-type designated. Type Ⅰ: Six germplasms, attributed to P. frutescens var. crispa, with dwarf plants, thin creased purple leaf, named Crispa, their chemical types were diversified, including EK, PAPK, PA and PK. Type Ⅱ: Six germplasms, attributed to P. frutescens var. crispa, plants were taller than type I and with thin and creased green leaf, named Big Crispa, all PK type. Type Ⅲ: Seventeen germplasms, attributed to P. frutescens var. frutescens with leaf color upside green and underside purple, tall plant and wide distribution all over the China, named Ordinary Frutescens, all PK. Type Ⅳ: Four germplasms, attributed to P. frutescens var. acuta with tall plant and small seed, named Acuta, all PK. Type Ⅴ: Seven germplasms, attributed to P. frutescens var. frutescens with green leaves, tall plants and long clusters, named Long-spike Frutescens, all PK. Type Ⅵ: Ten germplasms, attributed to P. frutescens var. frutescens with big, thick and creased leaf, named Thick-leaf Frutescens, including PK, PP, PL and PA. The morphological classification of this paper would lay the foundation for the taxonomic naming and following evaluation of the Perilla germplasm resources.This study also showed that there was no correspondence but a certain correlation between volatile oil chemical-types and subspecies classification and morphological characteristics of Perilla.

Research process on pharmacological effect and substance basis of Perilla frutescens / 中草药

Perilla frutescens is one of traditional Chinese diaphoretics, and is produced in many areas of China. The chemical composition is rich in P. frutescens, including volatile oil, aliphatic acids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, coloring matter and so on. Because of the function of relieving superficial pathogenic factors to dissipate cold and promoting qi flowing to regulate the stomach, P. frutescens can be used to treat the diseases of wind-cold, stagnation of gastrosplenic qi, vomiting and poisoning by eating fish and crab. The study showed that P. frutescens exhibited the effects which related with the traditional uses of relieving cough, bacteriostasis, relieving fever, analgesia, etc., and besides, it showed a few new founded effects, such as sedative effects, antioxidative effects, effects of reducing blood pressure, and regulating glucose/lipid metabolism. This paper summarized the research progess on the chemical composition and main pharmacological activities of P. frutescens, and discussed its therapeutic material basis based on the summarise, which could provide a reference for the development of P. frutescens.

Research on influence of environment factors to yield and quality traits of Perilla frutescen / 中国中药杂志

The research is aimed to study of the influence of environmental factors on the yield and quality traits, and find out the regularity of the growth and development of perilla. The main environmental factor data in six ecological area in Guizhou province were collected, and the correlation analysis with yield and quality traits of 15 perilla strains was conducted. The results showed that the cultivation environment has significant effects on the yield and quality traits of perilla. The effect of environment on main yield composed traits, contained grain number in top spike, effective panicle number per plant, plant height, top spike length, growth period, and thousand seed weight was degressive. In the different environmental factors, the latitude showed positive correlation with yield, growth period and effective panicle number per plant, and negative correlation with top spike length and grain number in top spike. Elevation showed negative correlation with the growth period of perilla. The perilla yield increased at first and then decreased with altitude rising, with the maximum in the 800 m altitude. The 600-900 m altitude is suitable area for perilla. Except for positive correlation with the plant height, and negative correlation with top spike length, the longitude showed in apparent impact on other traits. Sunshine duration, temperature and rainfall accumulation showed different effect on the different perilla strains. For yield composed traits, the sunshine duration was negatively correlation with the plant length. The accumulated temperature and mean temperature showed negative correlation with the main spike length, the rainfall showed negative correlation with the precipitation and growth period, plant height, ear number. The environmental impact on the oil compounds decreased with oleic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, -linolenic acid, palmitic acid and oil content. Correlation analysis showed that the significantly negative correlation between the oil content and palmitic acid and linoleic acid content, and the positive correlation between linolenic acid content, -linolenic acid content showed significant negative correlation with other fatty acids composition, and palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid showed significant positive correlation with each other. The influence of different environmental factors on the quality of perilla were as follows: the oil content was positively associated with elevation and sunshine duration. -Linolenic acid content showed negative correlation with longitude, latitude, accumulated temperature and mean temperature, but positive correlation with altitude, sunlight and rainfall capacity. The correlation between palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and environmental factors showed contrast character of -linolenic acid. This study detailed discussed the influence of environmental factors on the quality of perilla, which provided the foundation of ecological planting technology and geoherbalism research of perilla.

Anti-hyperglycemic effects and signaling mechanism of Perilla frutescens sprout extract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. (PF) sprout is a plant of the labiate family. We have previously reported the protective effects of PF sprout extract on cytokine-induced β-cell damage. However, the mechanism of action of the PF sprout extract in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has not been investigated. The present study was designed to study the effects of PF sprout extract and signaling mechanisms in the T2DM mice model using C57BL/KsJ-db/db (db/db) mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Male db/db mice were orally administered PF sprout extract (100, 300, and 1,000 mg/kg of body weight) or rosiglitazone (RGZ, positive drug, 1 mg/kg of body weight) for 4 weeks. Signaling mechanisms were analyzed using liver tissues and HepG2 cells. RESULTS: The PF sprout extract (300 and 1,000 mg/kg) significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in db/db mice. PF sprout extract also significantly improved glucose intolerance and insulin sensitivity, decreased hepatic gluconeogenic protein expression, and ameliorated histological alterations of the pancreas and liver. Levels of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) protein expression also increased in the liver after treatment with the extract. In addition, an increase in the phosphorylation of AMPK and decrease in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose 6-phosphatase proteins in HepG2 cells were also observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our results sugges that PF sprout displays beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes via modulation of the AMPK pathway and inhibition of gluconeogenesis in the liver.

GC–MS analysis of volatile compounds of Perilla frutescens Britton var. Japonica accessions: Morphological and seasonal variability

Objective To investigate the composition of volatile compounds in the different accessions of Perilla frutescens (P. frutescens) collected from various habitats of China and Japan. Methods In the present study, the essential oil from the leaves of P. frutescens cultivars from China and Japan was extracted by hydro-distillation and the chemical composition and concentration of the volatile components present in the oils were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Results Among the volatile components, the major proportion was of perilla ketone, which was followed by elemicin and beta-caryophyllene in the Chinese Perilla cultivars. The main component in the oil extracted from the Japanese accessions was myristicin, which was followed by perilla ketone and beta-caryophyllene. We could distinguish seven chemotypes, namely the perilla ketone (PK) type, perilla ketone, myristicin (PM) type, perilla ketone, unknown (PU) type, perilla ketone, beta-caryophyllene, myristicine (PB) type, perilla ketone, myristicin, unknown (PMU) type, perilla ketone, elemicine, myristicin, beta-caryophyllene (PEMB) type, and the perilla ketone, limonene, beta-cryophyllene, myristicin (L) type. Most of the accessions possessed higher essential oil content before the flowering time than at the flowering stage. The average plant height, leaf length, leaf width of the Chinese accessions was higher than those of the Japanese accessions. Conclusion The results revealed that the harvest time and geographical origin caused polymorphisms in the essential oil composition and morphological traits in the Perilla accessions originating from China and Japan. Therefore, these chemotypes with desirable characters might be useful for industrial exploitation and for determining the harvest time.

Research on effects of chemotype and components of Perilla frutescens leaf volatile oil I: different phenological periods / 中国中药杂志

This experiment researched on three kinds of Perilla frutescens including the widespread PK, PA and rare PL chemotype. The Perilla samples were the mature leaves collected in nutrition, flowering and frutescence three different phenological periods, and at 7 am, 12 pm and 6 pm three day time. The volatile oil was extracted by steam distillationand analyzed by GC-MS, as a result, the three chemotype samples'volatile oil yield was between 0.08% and 0.96%; volatile oil yield of different growth period was as follow: nutrition>flowering>fructescence, and the volatile oil yield of nutrition period: PA type>PK type>PL type. Each chemotype was not affected by the growth and development, indicating that the chemotype is determined by genetic factors. Characteristic and main components of PA and PK type are relatively stable, and the characteristic components of PL type are significantly decreased with the growth. There are still a large number of upstream metabolism components, and the chemical type may have their primitiveness and changeability. The relative content of perillaldehyde, characteristic components of PA type, is basically decreased from morning to night, in all the period. The relative content of perillaketone, characteristic components of PK type, in nutrition and flowering period, when samples were collected at 12 noon is relatively higher than that at 7 am and 6 pm, and contrary to samples collected in frutescence period. The relative content of perillene, characteristic components of PL type, in nutrition and frutescence period are highest at 12 noon, while in flowering period is highest at 6 pm. According to the volatile oil yield and relative content of maincomponents, the best harvest time of PA type is in the morning of the nutrition period; the best harvest time of PK type is in the morning of all the period; and the best harvest time of PL type is at dusk of the nutrition period.

GC-MS analysis of volatile compounds of Perilla frutescens Britton var. Japonica accessions: Morphological and seasonal variability

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the composition of volatile compounds in the different accessions of Perilla frutescens (P. frutescens) collected from various habitats of China and Japan.@*METHODS@#In the present study, the essential oil from the leaves of P. frutescens cultivars from China and Japan was extracted by hydro-distillation and the chemical composition and concentration of the volatile components present in the oils were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.@*RESULTS@#Among the volatile components, the major proportion was of perilla ketone, which was followed by elemicin and beta-caryophyllene in the Chinese Perilla cultivars. The main component in the oil extracted from the Japanese accessions was myristicin, which was followed by perilla ketone and beta-caryophyllene. We could distinguish seven chemotypes, namely the perilla ketone (PK) type, perilla ketone, myristicin (PM) type, perilla ketone, unknown (PU) type, perilla ketone, beta-caryophyllene, myristicine (PB) type, perilla ketone, myristicin, unknown (PMU) type, perilla ketone, elemicine, myristicin, beta-caryophyllene (PEMB) type, and the perilla ketone, limonene, beta-cryophyllene, myristicin (L) type. Most of the accessions possessed higher essential oil content before the flowering time than at the flowering stage. The average plant height, leaf length, leaf width of the Chinese accessions was higher than those of the Japanese accessions.@*CONCLUSION@#The results revealed that the harvest time and geographical origin caused polymorphisms in the essential oil composition and morphological traits in the Perilla accessions originating from China and Japan. Therefore, these chemotypes with desirable characters might be useful for industrial exploitation and for determining the harvest time.

Medicinal plant DNA marker assisted breeding (Ⅱ) the assistant identification of SNPs assisted identification and breeding research of high yield Perilla frutescens new variety / 中国中药杂志

Perilla frutescens is one of 60 kinds of food and medicine plants in the initial directory announced by health ministry of China. With the development of Perilla domain in recent , the breeding and application of good varieties has become the main bottleneck of its development. This study reported that applied to the system selection, add to marker-assisted method to breed perilla varieties. Through the whole genome sequencing and consistency matching, annotated the mutation locus according to genome data, and comparison analysis with Perilla common variants database, finally selected 30 non-synonymous mutation SNPs used as characteristic markers of Zhongyan Feishu No.1. those SNP marker were used as chosen standard of Perilla varieties. Finally breeding new perilla variety Zhongyan Feishu No.1, which possess to characters of the leaf and seed dual-used, high yield, high resistance, and could used to green fertilizer. The Zhongyan Feishu No.1 acquired the plant new varieties identification of Beijing city , the identification numbers is 2016054. Marker assisted identification guide new varieties breeding in plants, which can provide a new reference for breeding of medicinal plants.

Impact of different pre-treatment strategies on the quality of fatty acid composition, tocols content and metabolic syndrome related activities of Perilla frutescens seed oil.

Perilla frutescens (Nga-Mon) is an annual herbaceous plant, reported for its antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. The current study was conducted to compare the different pre-treatment techniques followed by hexane extraction for perilla seed oil and its pharmaceutical values. There are no significant differences in the yield of seed oil after pre-treatments except sonication. All the pre-treatments diminish the endogenous lipase activity, peroxidation and degradation of the oil. Fatty acid content analysis revealed that the nutrient quality, with respect to fatty acid content, of perilla seed was not compromised with any of the pre-treatments of current study. The results of α- amylase, α- glucosidase and protein glycation inhibition assays suggested that tested perilla seed oils are pharmaceutical candidate for the treatment of carbohydrate related diseases, especially for diabetes. Selection of appropriate pre-treatment strategies will helps to extract the perilla seed oil without any compromise in its quality. The current study suggested that moist heat with pressure can be an appropriate pre-treatment method for perilla seed oil extraction.

Chemical constituents from leaves of Perilla frutescens / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents from the aqueous extract of leaves of Perilla frutescens. Methods: The compounds were isolated and purified by chromatography on macroporous resin, silica gel, ODS, and preparative HPLC. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic methods, including MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectral techniques. Results: Seventeen compounds were isolated from the aqueous extract of leaves of P. frutescens, and were identified as (+)- isololiolide (1), dehydrovomifoliol (2), (-)-loliolide (3), scutellarin (4), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (5), p-hydroxyacetophenone (6), 3-formylindole (7), trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid (8), apigenin (9), luteolin (10), esculetin (11), caffeic acid (12), rosmarinic acid (13), methyl rosmarinate (14), sericoside (15), caffeic acid vinyl ester (16), and negletein (17). Conclusion: Compounds 1-2, 6-8, and 15 are firstly isolated from the plants of Perilla Linn.

Effect of herb residues compost on growth and phenols of Perilla frutescens / 中国中药杂志

Herb residue is post-decoction material that can be used as organic fertilizer. Unfortunately, it is currently disposed of as solid waste. This method of disposal is a waste of this resource and a source of environmental pollution. For this case,we studied effects of six different herb residues compost on growth and phenols of Perilla frutescens by pot experiment. Our results show that all six herb residues can improve the growth of P. frutescens. The order of their efficiencies was as follows： Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix residue>Hordei Fructus germinates residue>Forsythia fructus residue>Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizome residue＞Sophorae Flavescentis Redix residue and Moutan cortex residue. Effects of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix residue and Moutan Cortex residue weren't significantly different from CK. Six herb residue all improve root system architecture and leaf area. To phenols of P. frutescens, six herb residues all increased the rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid content of root, and accumulation of four phenols. All the analysis showed herb residues compost can improve the growth and four phenols accumulation of P. frutescens, and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix residue had the most pronounced effect on P. frutescens.